Etymology

Invented in Vietnam from the Chinese components 靈 (líng) “spirit” + 牧 (mù) “shepherd”.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [l̪ïŋ˧˧ mʊwʔk͡p̚˧ˀ˨ʔ]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [lɨ̞̠n˧˧ mʊwʔk͡p̚˨ˀ˨ʔ]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [l̻ʲɨ̞̠n˧˥ mʊwʔk͡p̚˨ˀ˧ʔ]