Ideophonic and adverbial: A reduplication of 紛 (fēn, Old Chinese *pʰɯn (Zhengzhang Shangfang), "silk ribbon; disordered, confused → numerous"). Attested in Guanzi and Mengzi, meaning "disorderly, confused". Possibly cognate with 煩 (fán, Old Chinese *ban, "annoyed; numerous"), 繁 (fán, Old Chinese *ban, "numerous").