Ottoman Turkish

Noun

خرما • ‎(hurmâ)

1. date (fruit)

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian T^g / hwlmʾk' ‎(xormā, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl ‎(tmryn, “dates”).

Compare Parthian hwlmʾk ‎(xurmāg) and T^g ‎(*amrāw), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian ʾmrʾw ‎(amrāw) and Old Armenian արմաւ ‎(armaw) (see Korn).

Akin to Mazanderani اربا ‎(erbâ, “date-plum”).

Pronunciation

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): [xoɾˈmɑː]

Noun

خرما • ‎(xormâ) ‎(plural خرماها ‎(xormâ-hâ))

1. date (fruit)
   • 940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh

     بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
     بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار‎

     bukun kār u karda bi-yazdān sipār
     bi-xurmā če yāzī ču tarsī zi xār

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

• خرمالو ‎(xormâlu, “persimmon”)

Descendants

• Tajik: хурмо ‎(xurmo)
  • → Uzbek: xurmo
• → Azeri: xurma
• → Middle Armenian: խուրմայ ‎(xurmay)
  • Armenian: խուրմա ‎(xurma)
• Georgian: ხურმა ‎(xurma)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خرما ‎(hurmâ)
  • Turkish: hurma
  • → Bulgarian: фурма ‎(furmá)
  • → Crimean Tatar: hurma
  • → Greek: χουρμάς ‎(chourmás)
  • → Serbo-Croatian: hurma / хурма
  • → Tatar: хөрмә ‎(xörmä, “date, persimmon”)
    • → Russian: хурма ‎(xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Malay: kurma
  • → Indonesian: kurma
• → Kazakh: құрма ‎(qurma)
• → Kyrgyz: курма ‎(kurma)
• → Turkmen: hurma

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “xormā”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 94
• Henning. W. B. (1950), "A Pahlavi Poem", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 3., page 645
• Korn, Agnes (2013), "Final troubles: Armenian stem classes and the word-end in Late Old Persian", in Sergei Tokhtas'ev, Pavel Lur'e (eds.): Commentationes Iranicae, Vladimiro f. Aaron Livschits nonagenario donum natalicium / Sbornik statej k 90-letiju Vladmira Aronoviča Livšitsa, St Petersburg: Nestor-Istorija, pp. 74-91; page 81, note 39: "HENNING (1950, p. 645) notes that the Pth. form is amrāw as seen in “Man. ʾmrʾw , against Arm. armav”, and thus reads amrāw for the Arameogram Tg in the Draxt ī Asūrīg while MACIUSZAK (2007, p. 65, 125, 184) reads (the NP form) xormā on account of <hwlmʾk> occuring ^[sic] some lines later in the text. ʾmrʾw is found in the unpublished fragment M 171 II R 10 (Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, pers. comm.). The relevant part of the fragment is partially broken off, though (see the photo at http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/images/m0171_seite2.jpg)."
• «КОРБУРДИ ВОЖАҲОИ ПОРТӢ ДАР ЗАБОНИ ФОРСИИ МИЁНА», Номаи пажӯҳишгоҳ, №1, 2001, с. 10-19. «портӣ amrāw=xurmāg «хурмо» (<harmāw =armāw [Hubschmann 1895, 111; Периханян1973, 440]."»