Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• οὕτω
• οὑτωσῑ́ ‎(houtōsī́) emphatic

Adverb

οὕτως • ‎(hoútōs) (demonstrative adverb)

1. in this manner, thus, so
   • Homer, Iliad 4.178
   • Homer, Odyssey 4.148
   • Sophocles, Women of Trachis 475
   • Plato, Ion 534.A
   • Sophocles, Women of Trachis 112
   • Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.1, (compare Theocritus, Collected Works 7.45)
   • Isocrates, Collected Works 269.B
   • Plato, The Republic 370.A
   • Xenophon, Anabasis 2.2.2
   • Demosthenes, On the Crown 244
   • Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.10
   • Homer, Iliad 2.158
   • Homer, Odyssey 5.204
   • Homer, Iliad 15.201
   • Homer, Odyssey 9.262
   • Homer, Iliad 24.373
   • Homer, Odyssey 19.300
   1. even so, just so
      • Homer, Odyssey 11.348
      • Xenophon, Oeconomicus 1.9
      • Plato, The Republic 551.B
   2. (with imperative, added emphasis)
      • Homer, Iliad 21.184, (compare Odyssey 5.146)
   3. (the introduction of the apodosis after a protasis)
      • Herodotus, Histories 7.158
      • Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.131
      • Herodotus, Histories 2.92
      • Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.96
      • Plato, Philebus 44.E, (compare Gorgias 457.C)
      • Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.4
      • Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.15
2. (in a really inferential sense) so, therefore
   • Sophocles, Antigone 677
   • Plato, Phaedo 61.B
3. (with an adjective or adverb) so, so much, so excessively
   • Homer, Iliad 3.169
   • Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1056
   • Aristophanes, The Birds 63
   • Herodotus, Histories 1.32
   • Plato, The Republic 477.A
   • Xenophon, Anabasis 7.4.3
   • Herodotus, Histories 4.52
   • Sophocles, Antigone 220
   • Aristophanes, The Acharnians 736
   • Herodotus, Histories 4.28
   • Herodotus, Histories 3.12
4. (sometimes used like αὔτως ‎(aútōs)) so, merely, simply
   • Homer, Iliad 2.120
   • Plato, Symposium 176.E
   • Plato, Gorgias 464.B
   • Plato, Laws 633.C
   • Sophocles, Philoctetes 1067
   • Sophocles, Antigone 315
   • Plato, Euthyphro 3.B
   • Plato, Lysis 216.A
   • Plato, Philebus 12.C
   • Euripides, Alcestis 680

Usage notes

οὕτω ‎(hoútō) is only used before a consonant, while οὕτως ‎(hoútōs) must be used before a vowel and can be used before a consonant. οὑτωσῑ́ ‎(houtōsī́) is a strengthened form found in Attic. οὕτως ‎(hoútōs) is often left out after ὡς ‎(hōs). οὕτως ‎(hoútōs) generally comes immediately before the word it modifies, but is sometimes after, especially in poetry, and is sometimes not immediately before. The last syllable in οὕτω ‎(hoútō) is sometimes shortened in Homer before a vowel (correption).

Derived terms

• οὕτω νῦν Ζεὺς θείη ‎(hoútō nûn Zeùs theíē, “so help me God”)
• οὕτω ποτ᾽ ἦν μῦς καὶ γαλῆ ‎(hoútō pot᾽ ên mûs kaì galê, “once upon a time”)
• οὕτως ἔχειν ‎(hoútōs ékhein, “so much for”)
• ὁ οὕτω λεγόμενος ‎(ho hoútō legómenos, “so called”)

References

• οὕτως in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• οὕτως in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• «οὕτως» in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• «οὕτως» in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “G3779”, in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • case idem, page 116.
  • rate idem, page 673.
  • so idem, page 790.
  • strain idem, page 822.
  • this idem, page 867.
  • thus idem, page 873.