English

Suffix

-ino

1. (physics) Suffix used to indicate the fermionic supersymmetric partner of a boson (a bosino), symbolized by a tilde over the nonsupersymmetric particle symbol. Contrast with s-

   The supersymmetric partner of the photon is a photino.

   In supersymmetry theory, all bosons have fermionic counterparts, known as bosinos.

Derived terms

Related terms

• sfermion
• smatter
• sparticle
• supersymmetry

Esperanto

Etymology

From German -in.

Suffix

-ino

1. of feminine sex

   bovo ‎(“head of cattle, bull”) + ‎-ino → ‎bovino ‎(“cow”)

   ĉevalo ‎(“horse, stallion”) + ‎-ino → ‎ĉevalino ‎(“mare”)

   filo ‎(“son”) + ‎-ino → ‎filino ‎(“daughter”)

   fraŭlo ‎(“bachelor”) + ‎-ino → ‎fraŭlino ‎(“bachelorette, Miss”)

   karulo ‎(“dear”) + ‎-ino → ‎karulino (fem.)

   knabo ‎(“boy”) + ‎-ino → ‎knabino ‎(“girl”)

   koko ‎(“chicken, rooster”) + ‎-ino → ‎kokino ‎(“hen”)

   koramiko ‎(“boyfriend”) + ‎-ino → ‎koramikino ‎(“girlfriend”)

   leono ‎(“lion”) + ‎-ino → ‎leonino ‎(“lioness”)

   lupo ‎(“wolf”) + ‎-ino → ‎lupino ‎(“she-wolf”)

   onklo ‎(“uncle”) + ‎-ino → ‎onklino ‎(“aunt”)

   patro ‎(“father”) + ‎-ino → ‎patrino ‎(“mother”)

   Sinjoro ‎(“Mister”) + -ino → Sinjorino ‎(“Madam, Mistress”)

   viro ‎(“man”) + ‎-ino → ‎virino ‎(“woman”)

   vulpo ‎(“fox”) + ‎-ino → ‎vulpino ‎(“vixen”)

Usage notes

Unqualified words for professions and animals do not assume either sex in modern usage, but this was not always the case. When Esperanto was created, people or animals not specifically specified female were traditionally assumed to be male. So, instruisto used to be assumed to mean a male teacher, and a female teacher was an instruistino; the title doktoro used to be assumed to be a man with a doctorate, for a woman it was doktorino. With animals, a bovo was assumed to be a bull, a cow was a bovino. Nowadays, instruisto means a teacher of either gender, though bovo may be either a head of cattle or a bull.

In modern usage, one should only assume a particular sex for family relationships, such as patro ‎(“father”)/patrino ‎(“mother”), edzo ‎(“husband”)/edzino ‎(“wife”), frato ‎(“brother”)/fratino ‎(“sister”), and certain titles, such as sinjoro ‎(“Mister”)/sinjorino ‎(“Missus”), fraŭlino ‎(“Miss”), damo ‎(“Dame”).

A common idiom to designate male animals is to make compounds with viro ‎(“man”), such as virbovo for bull (although unidiomatically, this could mean a minotaur). L.L. Zamenhof, the founder of Esperanto, began this usage in the 1920s with his translation of Genesis, and it is now widespread. To designate male professionals, it is common to use the adjective vira, such as vira kelnero for a male waiter.

Of the several neologisms coined to be a male counterpart to -in-, the most frequently used is -iĉ-, which has appeared in some books, but does not have official recognition. For example, boviĉo would be a bull like bovino is a cow, and in such usage bovo would only be a head of cattle.

Antonyms

• -iĉo ‎(“male”) (neologism)

See also

Ido

Etymology

Back-formation from femina ‎(“feminine”).

Suffix

-ino

1. suffix denoting femininity or a female

   puero ‎(“child”) + ‎-ino → ‎puerino ‎(“girl”)

Antonyms

• -ulo

Derived terms

Italian

Etymology

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Compare English -ine.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈino/, [ˈiː.n̺o]

Suffix

-ino

1. Used with a stem to form the third-person plural present subjunctive and imperative of regular -are verbs
2. Used to form the diminutive of some nouns

   gatto ‎(“cat”) + ‎-ino → ‎gattino ‎(“kitten”)

3. Used to form adjectives or nouns that indicate ethnic origin

   Alessandria ‎(“Alessandria; Alexandria”) + ‎-ino → ‎alessandrino

4. Used to indicate a profession

   ciabatta ‎(“slipper”) + ‎-ino → ‎ciabattino ‎(“shoe repairer, cobbler”)

Synonyms

• -cino

Derived terms

Latin

Suffix

-īnō

1. dative masculine singular of -īnus
2. dative neuter singular of -īnus
3. ablative masculine singular of -īnus
4. ablative neuter singular of -īnus

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Suffix

-ino m

1. -ine (on adjectives)
2. (organic chemistry) -yne
3. A diminutive suffix for masculine nouns or adjectives

See also

• -ina