Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈliː.ber/, [ˈliː.bɛr]

Proper noun

Līber m ‎(genitive Līberī); second declension

1. (Roman myth) An Italian deity of planting and fruiting; associated with the Roman Bacchus.

Inflection

Second declension, nominative singular in -er.

¹May also be Lībere.

References

• Līber in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Liber in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Félix Gaffiot (1934), “Liber”, in Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Paris: Hachette.

English

Noun

liber ‎(countable and uncountable, plural libers)

1. (botany) The inner bark of plants, next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is the part from which the fibre of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.

Czech

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbɛr/

Noun

liber

1. genitive plural of libra

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbɛr/

Noun

liber

1. genitive plural of libero

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /li.bɛʁ/

Noun

liber m ‎(plural libers)

1. bast (of a tree)
2. book

Anagrams

• libre

Latin

Etymology 1

From Old Latin loeber, from Proto-Italic *louðeros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-er-os, from *h₁lewdʰ- ‎(“people”).

Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐλεύθερος ‎(eleútheros), Sanskrit रोधति ‎(rodhati), Dutch lieden, German Leute, Russian люди ‎(ljudi, “people”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈliː.ber/, [ˈliː.bɛr]

Adjective

līber m ‎(feminine lībera, neuter līberum, comparative līberior, superlative līberrimus); first/second declension

1. free, unrestricted
   • Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, Epistula XCII

     Nemo liber est qui corpori servit.

     No one is free who is a slave to his body.

   • Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)

     Haud istuc rogo. Fuistin liber? - Fui.

     That isn’t what I’m asking about. Were you a freeman? - I was.

Inflection

First/second declension, nominative masculine singular in -er.

• Gen.pl. sometimes līberum

Derived terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Probably from an older form *luber, from Proto-Indo-European *leup- ‎(“to peel, break off”). Cognate to Old Church Slavonic лѹбъ ‎(lubŭ, “bark of a tree”) and Lithuanian lùpti ‎(“to peel, to shell”).^[1] See also English leaf, lobby, lodge, Ancient Greek λέπω ‎(lépō, “to peel”), λέπος ‎(lépos, “peel”), λεπτός ‎(leptós, “peel”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈli.ber/, [ˈlɪ.bɛr]

Noun

liber m ‎(genitive librī); second declension

1. book
2. the inner bark of a tree

Inflection

Second declension, nominative singular in -er.

¹May also be libre.

Alternative forms

• lib., l.

Derived terms

• libellus

Related terms

• librāriolus
• librārius

Descendants

Etymology 3

Non-lemma forms.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈliː.ber/, [ˈliː.bɛr]

Verb

līber

1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of lībō

References

• līber, adj. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• līber, n. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• liber in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Félix Gaffiot (1934), “liber”, in Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Paris: Hachette.
• Meissner, Carl; Auden, Henry William (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
    
  • to write a book: librum scribere, conscribere
    
  • to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
    
  • to publish a book: librum edere (Div. 1. 3. 6)
    
  • to open a book: librum evolvere, volvere
    
  • to dedicate a book to some one: librum mittere ad aliquem (Fin. 1. 3. 8)
    
  • the title of a book: index, inscriptio libri
    
  • to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
    
  • to take up a book in one's hands: librum in manus sumere
    
  • to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
    
  • to polish, finish a work with the greatest care: perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus
    
  • (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
    
  • to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation: librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere
    
  • (ambiguous) in the time of the Republic: libera re publica
    
  • (ambiguous) to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education: tollere or suscipere liberos
    
  • (ambiguous) to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
    
  • (ambiguous) the teaching of children: disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum)
    
  • (ambiguous) the work when translated; translation (concrete): liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus
    
  • (ambiguous) the book is entitled 'Laelius': liber inscribitur Laelius (Off. 2. 9. 30)
    
  • (ambiguous) Cicero says in his 'Laelius.: Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius
    
  • (ambiguous) there exists a book on..: est liber de...
    
  • (ambiguous) the book is still extant: exstat liber (notice the order of the words)
    
  • (ambiguous) the book has been lost: liber intercidit, periit
    
  • (ambiguous) a book which has been entirely lost sight of: liber deperditus
    
  • (ambiguous) a lost book of which fragments (relliquiae, not fragmenta) remain: liber perditus
    
  • (ambiguous) a book which is attributed to some one: liber qui fertur alicuius
    
  • (ambiguous) the book is attributed to an unknown writer: liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem
    
  • (ambiguous) the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
    
  • (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro continetur aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro scriptor complexus est aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) at the end of the book: in extremo libro (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)
    
  • (ambiguous) to be engaged on a book: liber mihi est in manibus
    
  • (ambiguous) the book, speech can easily be obtained: liber, oratio in manibus est
    
  • (ambiguous) a carefully written book: liber accurate, diligenter scriptus
    
  • (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
    
  • (ambiguous) a very charming book: liber plenus delectationis
    
  • (ambiguous) the frank but defiant demeanour of Socrates (before his judges): libera contumacia Socratis (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)
    
  • (ambiguous) the Republic: libera res publica, liber populus
    
  • (ambiguous) an independent spirit: a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)
    
  • (ambiguous) to enslave a free people: liberum populum servitute afficere
    
  • (ambiguous) to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati
    
  • (ambiguous) the free men are sold as slaves: libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
    
  • (ambiguous) with wife and child: cum uxoribus et liberis
    
• liber in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• liber in Samuel Ball Platner (1929), Thomas Ashby, editor, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press
• liber in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
• liber in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

1. ↑ “libro” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, ISBN 978-88-00-20781-2

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowing from Latin liber, French libre (19th century).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.ber/

Adjective

liber m, n ‎(feminine singular liberă, masculine plural liberi, feminine and neuter plural libere)

1. free, at liberty

Declension

Synonyms

• slobod

Related terms

• elibera
• libera