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Definition 2025

恐

恐

Translingual

Han character

恐 (radical 61 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or X一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 17331, composition ⿱巩心)

References

  • KangXi: page 384, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
  • Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2289, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+6050

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 恐

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 恐
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ²¹⁴/
Harbin /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ¹³/
Jinan /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁵³/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /kʰũn⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁴²/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁴²/
Kunming /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ²¹²/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ⁵³/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵¹/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/
/kʰoŋ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³⁵/
Tunxi /kʰan³¹/ ～怖
/t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ～怕
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kʰən⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ³¹/
Taoyuan /kʰioŋ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ³⁵/
Nanning /kʰuŋ³⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰyŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰioŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xɔŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 恐 恐
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 丘隴切 區用切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰɨoŋX/ /kʰɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰuawŋX/ /kʰuawŋH/
Li
Rong		 /kʰioŋX/ /kʰioŋH/
Wang
Li		 /kʰĭwoŋX/ /kʰĭwoŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰi̯woŋX/ /kʰi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 qiǒng qiòng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 恐
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kǒng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khjowngX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
English fear

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 恐 恐
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4071 4072
Phonetic
component		 工 工
Rime
group		 東 東
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 恐 恐
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰoŋʔ/ /*kʰoŋs/

Definitions

恐

  1. to fear; to be afraid
  2. fearful; apprehensive

Compounds

  • 恐慮／恐虑
  • 恐憂／恐忧
  • 恐懼／恐惧 (kǒngjù)
  • 恐懼不安／恐惧不安
  • 恐懼症／恐惧症 (kǒngjùzhèng)
  • 恐水病 (kǒngshuǐbìng)
  • 恐變症／恐变症
  • 恐鳥／恐鸟
  • 恐龍／恐龙 (kǒnglóng)
  • 惜恐
  • 惟恐
  • 惴恐
  • 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
  • 惶恐不安
  • 擔驚受恐／担惊受恐
  • 有恃無恐／有恃无恐
  • 深恐
  • 爭先恐後／争先恐后 (zhēngxiānkǒnghòu)
  • 猶恐／犹恐
  • 生恐
  • 白色恐怖 (Báisè kǒngbù)
  • 皇恐灘／皇恐滩
  • 紅色恐怖／红色恐怖
  • 經濟恐慌／经济恐慌
  • 臨死不恐／临死不恐
  • 臨難不恐／临难不恐
  • 誠恐／诚恐
  • 誠恐誠惶／诚恐诚惶
  • 誠惶誠恐／诚惶诚恐
  • 震恐 (zhènkǒng)
  • 驚恐／惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
  • 驚恐萬分／惊恐万分

Japanese

Kanji

恐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. fear; be afraid
  2. threaten
  3. probably

Readings

Compounds

  • 恐察
  • 恐縮 (きょうしゅく, kyōshuku)

References

Korean

Hanja

恐 • ‎(gong) (hangeul 공, revised gong, McCune-Reischauer kong, Yale kong)

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Vietnamese

Han character

恐 (khủng, thứ)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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