Bislama

Alternative forms

• -em
• -um

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

Hungarian

Etymology

-i ‎(“possessive plural”) +‎ -m ‎(“first-person singular personal suffix”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [im]

Suffix

-im

1. (possessive suffix) my ... -s (first-person singular, multiple possessions)

   kapu ‎(“gate”) → a kapuim ‎(“my gates”)

   palota ‎(“palace”) → a palotáim ‎(“my palaces”)

   érme ‎(“coin”) → az érméim ‎(“my coins”)

Declension

For back vowel words:

For front vowel words:

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -im is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -aim is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -eim is added to front vowel words ending in a consonant

  -jaim is added to back vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i

  -jeim is added to front vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [əmʲ]

Alternative forms

• -aim
• -aím
• -ím

Suffix

-im

1. Synthetic present tense ending of Irish verbs, corresponding to I:

   zero ending (first person singular)

Usage notes

• This form is attached to first-conjugation verbs with stems ending in either a slender consonant or a vowel;
• Used in place of the pronoun mé:

  feic + ‎-im → ‎feicim ‎(“I see”)

  súigh + ‎-im → ‎súim ‎(“I suck”) (stem sú-)

Related terms

• -eann
• -imid
• -ímid

Pijin

Alternative forms

• -em
• -um

Etymology

From English him, 'em.

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

Suffix

-im m ‎(plural -ins)

1. (uncommon) forms diminutives
2. Pronunciation spelling of -inho, representing especially Minas Gerais Portuguese.

Synonyms

• (diminutive suffix): -inho

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English him, 'em

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish م ‎(-m, ım, -im, “First-person singular possessive suffix”), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] ‎(-m, um, -üm, “First-person singular possessive suffix”), from Proto-Turkic [Term?]. Cognate to Old Turkic 𐰢 ‎(-m, -ım, -im, -um, -üm, “First-person singular possessive suffix”).

Suffix

-im

1. First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   ev ‎(“house”) → evim ‎(“my house”)

   ofis ‎(“office”) → ofisim ‎(“my office”)

Usage notes

• In Turkish, as a word final stress language, when this possessive suffix is at the end of a word it takes the stress. See also the first usage note of Etymology 2.
• If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -m (for the possession suffix).

  kedi ‎(“cat”) → kedim ‎(“my cat”)

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ım, -um and -üm according to the last vowel of the word (possession suffix).

  kız ‎(“girl”) → kızım ‎(“my girl”) (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  yol ‎(“road”) → yolum ‎(“my road”) (the last vowel is "o" or "u")

  yüz ‎(“face”) → yüzüm ‎(“my face”) (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".

  sebep ‎(“reason”) → sebebim ‎(“my reason”)

  çekiç ‎(“hammer”) → çekicim ‎(“my hammer”)

  senet ‎(“bill”) → senedim ‎(“my bill”)

  çiçek ‎(“flower”) → çiçeğim ‎(“my flower”)

• It may cause the last vowel of the word to be dropped.

  beyin ‎(“brain”) → beynim ‎(“my brain”)

Related terms

• -miz, -imiz ‎(“First-person plural possessive suffix”)

Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish م ‎(-ım, -im, “First-person singular suffix”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *bẹ-n ‎(“I”) (see ben ‎(“I”)). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 ‎(-men, “first person singular suffix”), Karakhanid [script needed] ‎(-men, “first person singular suffix”), Old Uighur [script needed] ‎(-men, “first person singular suffix”).

The suffix ultimately merged with the first-person singular possessive suffix (see Etymology 1 above) possibly following the road *-bẹn → *-vẹn → *-ẹn → *-ẹm → -im. 11th-century Karakhanid scholar of Turkic languages Kashgari already hints that the Oghuz use *-en dropping /m/ as opposed to the Karakhanid using "-men" Compare Turkmen -in, -än ‎(“First-person singular suffix”), Azeri -əm ‎(“First-person singular suffix”). For a similar case of loss of initial /b/ at the suffix level, compare -iz ‎(“First-person plural suffix”), from Proto-Common Turkic *biz “we” (see biz ‎(“we”)).

Suffix

-im

1. Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first-person singular, simple present tense.

   güzel ‎(“beautiful”) → güzelim ‎(“I am beautiful”)

2. Personal suffix for "ben" ("I" - first person singular)

   gel- ‎(“come”) + -ecek ‎(“future tense marker”) + -im ‎(“personal suffix”) → geleceğim ‎(“I will come”)

   sev- ‎(“love”) + -(e)r ‎(“present tense marker”) + -im ‎(“personal suffix”) → severim ‎(“I like, enjoy”)

Usage notes

• In Turkish, as a word final stress language, when this suffix is at the end of a word it does not take the stress due to not being originally a suffix, therefore a differentiation is realized where the possessive suffx carries the stress. See also the first usage note on Etymology 1.

  bel ‎(“waist”) + -im ‎(“first person suffix for "to be"”) → bélim ‎(“I am (the) waist”), as opposed to bel ‎(“waist”) + -im ‎(“first-person possessive suffix”) → belím ‎(“my waist”)

  gel- ‎(“come”) + -(i)r ‎(“present tense marker”) + -im ‎(“personal suffix”) → gelírim ‎(“I come”), as opposed to gelir ‎(“income”) + -im ‎(“first-person possessive suffix”) → gelirím ‎(“my income”)

  gel- ‎(“come”) + -ecek ‎(“future tense marker”) + -im ‎(“personal suffix”) → gelecéğim ‎(“I will come”), as opposed to gelecek ‎(“future”) + -im ‎(“first-person possessive suffix”) → geleceğím ‎(“my future”) or also alternatively gelecek ‎(“future”) + -im ‎(“first person suffix for "to be"”) → gelecéğim ‎(“I am (the) future”)

• If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "y" (for the verb to be).

  terli ‎(“sweaty”) → terliyim ‎(“I am sweaty”)

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  Zafer → Zafer'im ‎(“I am Zafer”)

• It's always -um in present continuous tense. And in other tenses, the personal suffix may also be -ım, -um, -üm according to the last vowel of the word.

  ver- ‎(“give”) + -iyor ‎(“present continuous tense marker”) + -um ‎(“personal suffix”) → veriyorum ‎(“I am giving”)

  üzül- ‎(“be sad”) + -(ü)r ‎(“present tense marker”) + -üm ‎(“personal suffix”) → üzülürüm ‎(“I become sad”)

  kal- ‎(“stay”) + -(ı)r ‎(“present tense marker”) + -ım ‎(“personal suffix”) → kalırım ‎(“I stay”)

  bul- ‎(“find”) + -(u)r ‎(“present tense marker”) + -um ‎(“personal suffix”) → bulurum ‎(“I find”)

Related terms

• ben ‎(“I”)

Uzbek

Suffix

im (-им)

1. First-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as "mening" (my) placed before a noun.
   • Bu kitobim.

     "This is my book."