Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [tʊs]

Suffix

-tus m ‎(feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second declension

1. Forms the past participle of verbs.
2. Forms adjectives having the sense provided with.

   iūs ‎(“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus ‎(“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)

   onus ‎(“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus ‎(“heavily laden”, “burdened”, “overencumbered by a load”)

Usage notes

The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:

• A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.

  agō ‎(“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus

  scrībō ‎(“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus

  coquō ‎(“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus

• A stem-final v may become u (forming a diphthong or long ū) or c, depending on whether the Proto-Italic consonant was w or gʷ.
• A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel.

  cadō ‎(“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

• A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.

  mergō ‎(“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus

• A stem final ll or rr tends to also fuse with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.

  currō ‎(“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus

• When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs.

Declension

First/second declension.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus ‎(suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς ‎(-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [tʊs]

Suffix

-tus m ‎(genitive -tūs); fourth declension

1. Forms action nouns from verbs.

   habeō ‎(“I have, posses, have on, carry, wear”) → habitus ‎(“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)

   sūmō ‎(“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) → sumptus ‎(“expenditure”)

Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix.

Declension

Fourth declension.

Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts ‎(abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūts, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 ‎(-duþs). See -tās.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tuːs/

Suffix

-tūs f ‎(genitive -tūtis); third declension

1. Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives.

   iuvenis ‎(“young, a young man”) → iuventūs ‎(“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)

   senex ‎(“an old man”) → senectūs ‎(“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)

Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix.

Declension

Third declension.

Derived terms

References

• “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)