Translingual

Malus toringo var. sargentii

Proper noun

Malus f

1. A taxonomic genus within the family Rosaceae – the apples.

Hypernyms

• (genus): Plantae - kingdom; angiosperms, eudicots, core eudicots, rosids, eurosids I - clades; Rosales - order; Rosaceae - family; Amygdaloideae - subfamily; Maleae - tribe

Hyponyms

• (genus): Malus sect. Chloromeles, Malus sect. Docyniopsis, Malus sect. Eriolobus, Malus sect. Gymnomeles, Malus sect. Malus, Malus sect. Sorbomalus, Malus sect. Yunnanenses - sections
  • Malus sylvestris (a crab apple) - type species

Derived terms

• Pyrus malus

Translations

English

Noun

malus ‎(plural maluses)

1. (business) The return of performance-related compensation originally paid by an employer to an employee as a result of the discovery of a defect in the performance.

   When bank fired the loan originator, they recovered the last two years of her bonuses under the malus clause in her contract.

2. (rare) A penalty or negative thing.

Usage notes

• Might occur in financial services in connection with defaulted loans.
• Sometimes used in reference to games as a negative counterpart to "bonus."

Synonyms

• clawback

Coordinate terms

• disgorgement

Anagrams

• alums, lumas, mauls

Latin

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic, related to Oscan mallom and mallud ‎(“bad”). Originally associated with Ancient Greek μέλας ‎(mélas, “black, dark”), but support for this is waning. Perhaps from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 ‎(mairiia, “treacherous”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.lus/

Adjective

malus m ‎(feminine mala, neuter malum, comparative peior, superlative pessimus); first/second declension

1. bad, evil, wicked, injurious

   Malus et nequam homo.

   An evil and wicked man.

   Malam opinionem habere de aliquo.

   To have a bad opinion of someone.

   Consuetudo mala.

   A bad habit.

2. destructive, mischievous, hurtful
3. ill-looking, ugly, deformed
4. (of fate) evil, unlucky

   Pessima puella.

   The unluckiest girl.

Inflection

First/second declension.

This adjective has irregular comparative and superlative degrees.

• comparative: pēior (worse), superlative: pessimus (worst)

Antonyms

• (bad): bonus

Derived terms

• carmen malum
• male
• maledīcō
• malefaciō
• malum in sē

Descendants

Etymology 2

From Ancient Greek μηλέα ‎(mēléa) (See also Ancient Greek μᾶλον ‎(mâlon, “apple”), μῆλον ‎(mêlon, “apple”)).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈmaː.lus/

Noun

mālus f ‎(genitive mālī); second declension

1. an apple tree

   Malus bifera.

   An apple tree bearing fruit biannually.

   Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes.

   And the fruitless plane trees have borne strong apple trees.

   Felices arbores putantur esse quercus vel malus.

   The fruitful trees are thought to be an oak or apple tree.

Inflection

Second declension.

Derived terms

• mālus grānāta
• mālus domestica

Descendants

• Translingual: Malus
• Aromanian: mer
• Italian: melo
• Romanian: măr

Etymology 3

By some referred to root mac-, from the Ancient Greek word μακρός ‎(makrós, “long”) and Latin magnus ‎(“long”); but perhaps the same word with malus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈmaː.lus/

Noun

mālus m ‎(genitive mālī); second declension

1. a mast of a ship

   Antemnas ad malos destinare.

   To fasten the sails to the masts.

   Malum erigi imperavit.

   He has ordered the mast to be erected.

   Attolli malos.

   The masts are lifted.

2. a standard or pole to which the awnings spread over the theater were attached
3. the beam in the middle of a winepress
4. the corner beams of a tower

   Turrium mali.

   Beams of the towers.

Inflection

Second declension.

References

• malus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• malus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• MALUS in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• Félix Gaffiot (1934), “malus”, in Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Paris: Hachette.
• Meissner, Carl; Auden, Henry William (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
    
  • (ambiguous) to take a thing in good (bad) part: in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti
    
  • (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari
    
  • (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem
    
  • (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
    
• malus in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia
• malus in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• malus in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
• malus in William Smith., editor (1854, 1857) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
• malus in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
• OLD, p. 1069