Definify.com
Definition 2024
凝
凝
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Translingual
Han character
凝 (radical 15 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)
References
- KangXi: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
凝 | |
---|---|---|
alt. forms |
冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥 |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
---|---|
Old Chinese | |
礙 | *ŋɯːs |
儗 | *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
懝 | *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ |
譺 | *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
癡 | *ŋ̥ʰl'ɯ |
疑 | *ŋɯ |
嶷 | *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ |
觺 | *ŋɯ |
擬 | *ŋɯʔ |
薿 | *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ |
凝 | *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
- Wade-Giles: ning2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
- IPA (key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jing4, king4
- Yale: yìhng, kìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jing4, king4
- IPA (key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng
- Tâi-lô: gîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geeng
- IPA (Xiamen): /giɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /giɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /giɪŋ¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /giɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /giɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngang5 / ngêng5 / geng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâng / ngêng / kṳ̂ng
- IPA (key): /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/
- Note: ngêng5 - literary; geng5 - vernacular.
- (Hokkien)
- Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 凝 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /niŋ³⁵/ |
Harbin |
/niŋ²⁴/ ~固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯~了 |
|
Tianjin | /niŋ⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan |
/ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
Qingdao |
/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
Zhengzhou |
/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
Xi'an | /niŋ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ȵiə̃²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /niŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou |
/ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/ |
|
Ürümqi | /ȵiŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /ȵin³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /nin²¹/ | |
Kunming | /nĩ³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /niəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ȵiŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /nĩŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /ȵin¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ȵin²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | ||
Xiang | Changsha | /ȵin¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /ȵin¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | ||
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
Nanning | /neŋ²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /giŋ³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ŋiŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /ŋi²¹/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) |
/ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/ |
Rime | ||
---|---|---|
Character | 凝 | 凝 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 疑 (31) |
Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
Division (等) | III | III |
Fanqie | 魚陵切 | 牛𩜁切 |
Reconstructions | ||
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋH/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋH/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ŋieŋ/ | /ŋieŋH/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ŋiŋ/ | /ŋiŋH/ |
Li Rong |
/ŋiəŋ/ | /ŋiəŋH/ |
Wang Li |
/ŋĭəŋ/ | /ŋĭəŋH/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ŋi̯əŋ/ | /ŋi̯əŋH/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yíng | yìng |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 凝 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
níng |
Middle Chinese |
‹ nging › |
Old Chinese |
/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?) |
English | freeze, coagulate |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
---|---|---|
Character | 凝 | 凝 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
No. | 14902 | 14903 |
Phonetic component |
疑 | 疑 |
Rime group |
蒸 | 蒸 |
Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
凝 | 凝 |
Old Chinese |
/*ŋrɯŋ/ | /*ŋrɯŋs/ |
Definitions
凝
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) | ||
---|---|---|
Variety | Location | Words |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
Taiwan | 冷 | |
Jinan | 冷 | |
Xi'an | 冷 | |
Wuhan | 冷、冷凊 | |
Chengdu | 冷、凊 | |
Yangzhou | 冷 | |
Hefei | 冷 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍、冷 |
Hong Kong | 凍、冷 | |
Taishan | 冷 | |
Yangjiang | 凍、冷 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷、寒 | |
Liudui (S. Sixian) | 冷、寒人 | |
Hsinchu (Hailu) | 冷 | |
Dongshi (Dabu) | 冷、寒 | |
Zhuolan (Raoping) | 冷、寒 | |
Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 冷、寒 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 凊、鎮 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 凊、凍 |
Min Nan | Quanzhou | 冷、凊、寒 |
Xiamen | 冷、凊、寒 | |
Zhangzhou | 冷、凊、寒 | |
Taipei | 冷、凊、寒 | |
Chaozhou | 凝、寒 | |
Shantou | 凝、寒 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 冷 |
Wenzhou | 冷、凍 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 冷、凊 |
Shuangfeng | 冷、凊 |
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
凝
- congeal
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune-Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
Han character
凝 (ngưng, ngừng)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.