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Definition 2024

以

以

以 U+4EE5, 以
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE5
← 令
[U+4EE4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仦 →
[U+4EE6]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

以 (radical 9 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 女戈人 (VIO), four-corner 28100, composition ⿲𠄌丶人)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 94, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 388
  • Dae Jaweon: page 199, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 105, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+4EE5

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 以

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 以
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
Oracle bone script

j31039

j31040

j31041

j31042

j31043

j31044

j31045

j31046

j31047

j31048

j31049

j31050

j31051

j31052

j31053

j31054

j31055

j31056

j31057

j31058

j31059

j31060

j31061

j31062

j31063

j31064

j31065

j31066

j31067

j31068

j31069

j31070

j31071

j31072

j31073

j31074

j31075
Bronze inscriptions

b21167

b21168

b21169

b21170

b21171

b21172

b21173

b21174

b21175

b21176

b21177

b21178

b21179

b21180

b21181

b21182

b21183

b21184

b21185

b21186

b21187

b21188

b21189

b21190

b21191

b21192

b21193

b21194

b21195

b21196

b21197

b21198

b21199

b21200

b21201

b21202

b21203

b21204

b21205

b21206

b21207

b21208

b21209

b21210

b21211

b21212

b21213

b21214

b21215

b21216

b21217

b21218
Large seal script

L34134

L34135

L34136

L13617

L13618

L13619

L13620

L13621

L13622

L13623

L13624

L13625

L13626

L13627

L13628

L13616
Small seal script

s11013
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (以) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
似 *ljɯʔ
姒 *ljɯʔ
耜 *ljɯʔ
佀 *ljɯʔ
以 *lɯʔ
苡 *lɯʔ
苢 *lɯʔ

Originally 厶, a deformed version of 已 (yǐ). 以 is a further deformation of 厶 with the addition of 人 (“person”) on the right side.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊己切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /jɨX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /jɨX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /jɨX/
Li
Rong		 /iəX/
Wang
Li		 /jĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yǐ
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yǐ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ yiX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ləʔ/
English take, use

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
No. 14929
Phonetic
component		 以
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 以
Old
Chinese		 /*lɯʔ/

Definitions

以

  1. by; with; by means of
  2. according to
  3. so as to; in order to
  4. because
  5. to use
  6. Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”).

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

以

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. compared to
  2. than
  3. by means of
  4. because
  5. in view of
  6. compared with

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

以 • ‎(i) (hangeul 이, McCune-Reischauer i)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

以 (dĩ)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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