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Definition 2024

艱苦

艱苦

See also: 艰苦

Chinese

		difficult; hard; hardship	bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
trad. (艱苦)		艱	苦
simp. (艰苦)		艰	苦

Adjective

艱苦

arduous; laborious; hard

Derived terms

艱苦奮鬥／艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)

See also

辛苦 (xīnkǔ)

Pronunciation

Mandarin

(Pinyin): jiānkǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢㄎㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹ fu²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân-khú / kiên-khú / kiân-khú
Min Nan (POJ): kan-khó͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
  - Pinyin: jiānkǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢㄎㄨˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaan¹ fu²
  - Yale: gāan fú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹ fu²
  - IPA ^(key): /kɑːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gien´ ku`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ ku³ / gian¹ ku³
  - IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gian´ ku`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ ku³ / gian¹ ku³
  - IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-khó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kan-khóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kanqor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/