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Definition 2024


Translingual

Han character

(radical 140 +5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿十口 (TJR), four-corner 44604, composition)

References

  • KangXi: page 1023, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30797
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3186, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+82E6

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Large seal script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*kaːls
*kaːls
*kɯ, *kas
*kaː, *kʰaː
*kaː
*kaː
*kaː
*kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
*kaː
*kaː
*kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
*kaː, *kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːʔ
*kaːs
*kaːs
*kaːɡs
*kaːɡs
*kaːɡs
*kaːɡs
*kaːɡs
*kaːɡs
*kʰaː
*kʰaː
*kʰaː
*kʰaː
*kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
*qʰaː, *ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaː
*ɡaːʔ
*ɡaːʔ
*ɡaːʔ
*ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
*ɡaːʔ
*ka
*ka
*ka
*ka, *kas, *kʰa
*ka
*ka
*ka
*ka
*ka, *ɡa
*kas
*kas
*kas
*ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs) : semantic  (grass) + phonetic  (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka. Cognate with (OC *kaːn, “liver”).

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (29) (29)
Final () (23) (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () I I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɔX/ /kʰɔH/
Li
Rong
/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Wang
Li
/kʰuX/ /kʰuH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khuX ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˤaʔ/
English bitter

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4242 4243
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaːʔ/ /*kʰaːs/

Definitions

  1. bitter
       guā   bittermelon
  2. difficult; painful; hard
  3. hardship; suffering
       xīn   laborious; hard; miserable
  4. (dialectal) excessive
  5. to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time
  6. to suffer from; to be handicapped by
  7. (obsolete or Min Dong) to worry about; to be concerned about
  8. strenuously; painstakingly
       xiào   to force a smile

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. pain, anguish, suffering, discomfort, hardship, worry
  2. (Buddhism) dukkha, suffering

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (khuX, suffering).

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana , romaji ku)

  1. suffering
  2. (Buddhism) dukkha

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean

Hanja

(go) (hangeul , revised go, McCune-Reischauer ko, Yale ko)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Alternative forms

Character

References