Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ὅππως ‎(hóppōs) Epic, Aeolic
• ὅκως ‎(hókōs) Ionic

Adverb

ὅπως • ‎(hópōs) (interrogative or relative adverb)

1. (relative to ὥς ‎(hṓs) or οὕτως ‎(hoútōs)) in such a manner, as
   1. (with the ordinary regimen of the relative adverb)
      1. (with indicative)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.111
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1301
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.67
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.203
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.172
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.37
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.145
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.46
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.50
         • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 819
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.30
      2. (with the future indicative) in what manner, how
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.3
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.23
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8.1
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.4
         • 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 39.A
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.43
         • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 502.E
         • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 2.5, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.11)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.40
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
   2. (with ἄν ‎(án) and subjective in indefinite sentences) in whatever way, just as, however
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.243
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.349, (compare 6.189)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.143
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.1.2, (compare Plato, Phaed. 115.E, Plato, Conv. 174.B)
      1. (with optative after historical tenses)
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.95
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.13
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, On Organization 4
   3. (οὐκ ἔστιν) there is no way in which, it cannot be that
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
      • 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 208
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 97
      • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 160.D
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1058
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 378
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 471
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 495.A
      • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183.B
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1182
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 286.A
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 620
   4. (in Attic poets, like ὡς ‎(hōs) in comparisons)
      • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1001
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 32, (compare 442, 683)
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 98
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1076
   5. (also like ὡς ‎(hōs) or ὅτι ‎(hóti), with superlative of adverbs)
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 600
      • 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 207
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 979
   6. (with a genitive added)
      • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 837
   7. (of time) when
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.459–460
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.17
      • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 198
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 749
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 765
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 60
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 156
      • 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 427
      • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 228
2. (used to introduce the statement of a fact)
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.37
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.49
   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 548
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 963
   • 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 1051
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.109
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.20
   1. (οὐχ ὅπως...ἀλλά) is not only not..but..
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.35
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Collected Works 185.42
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 301.A
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.14
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Plataicus 27
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 5.1
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.42
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.2.12
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.10
      1. (rare, following another clause)
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 796
3. (in indirect questions) how, in what way or manner
   1. (with indicative)
      1. (of past tenses)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.113
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.544
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.97
         • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 5.26
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.4.11
      2. (future)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.252
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.14
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.25, (compare Odyssey 1.269)
   2. (with subjunctive)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.110
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.225
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.76
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1367
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 1.3
      • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 62.41
   3. (with optative)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.3.2
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.159
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.554
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 271
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 39
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.2.11
   4. (with optative and ἄν ‎(án), expressing a wich)
      • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 81
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.33
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.10
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.1
   5. (ὅπως ἄν with the subjunctive makes the manner or purpose indefinite)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.545
      • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 233
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 618
      • 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 538
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.6
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 326.A
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239.B
      • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 481.A
   6. (Xenophon occasionally uses ὅπως somewhat like ὥστε ‎(hṓste), with infinitive)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.37, (compare Oeconomicus 7.29, 6 2.32)
   7. (after verbs of fear and cuation)
      1. (with future indicative)
         • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 111
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 91.C
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Conv. 193.A
      2. (with aorist subjunctive)
         • 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 995
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.16
         • 399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 4.E
         • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 77.A
      3. (with optative representing subjunctive after an historical tense)
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.9.3
   8. (this construction is most frequent in an imperative and prohibitive, in the original construction some verb implying caution or circumspection precedes)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.36
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 140
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 372
      1. (with future indicative)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.142
         • 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 131
         • 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 77
      2. (aorist subjunctive)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.85
         • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 430.D
         • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 824
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.56
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
   9. (used as the echo to a preceding πῶς ‎(pôs))
      • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 128
      • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 677
   10. (with a genitive of manner)
       • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 470.E, (compare The Republic 389.C)

Conjunction

ὅπως • ‎(hópōs)

1. that, in order that
   1. (with subjunctive)
      1. (after principal tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.181
      2. (after historical tenses, when there is no perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect)
         • 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 117
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.73
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.31
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.96
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.17
   2. (with optative after historical tenses)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.547
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.318
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.312
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.160
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.472
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1005
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1305
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.25
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 77.E
      • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 450
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.19
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 297
   3. (with indicative)
      1. (of historical tenses, to express a consequence which has not followed, or cannot follow)
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 196
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On his Return 21
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 20
         • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 749
      2. (of future)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.57
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 43
         • 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 316
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 263
2. (used of will and endeavour, instead of the infinitive)
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.19
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 12
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 23
   • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Murder of Eratosthenes 29
   • 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Against Leocrates 127
   • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1060
   • 4th century BC, Isaeus, Apollodorus 27
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 556

References

• ὅπως in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ὅπως in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ὅπως in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• «ὅπως» in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• «ὅπως» in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• ὅπως in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• “G3704”, in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • as idem, page 42.
  • how idem, page 408.
  • however idem, page 408.
  • like idem, page 491.
  • order idem, page 578.
  • provide idem, page 654.
  • that idem, page 864.
  • when idem, page 975.