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Definition 2024
河
河
Translingual
Han character
河 (radical 85 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水一弓口 (EMNR), four-corner 31120, composition ⿰氵可)
References
- KangXi: page 613, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17245
- Dae Jaweon: page 1006, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 1582, character 3
- Unihan data for U+6CB3
Chinese
|
simp. and trad. |
河 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 河
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Large seal script | Small seal script |
 |
 |
 |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Etymology
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
- Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ་བ (rgal ba, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986).
- An Altaic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Mei and Norman, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
- Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ho4
- Gan (Wiktionary): ho2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
- Jin (Wiktionary): he1
- Min Dong (BUC): ò̤
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhe (T3)
- Xiang (Wiktionary): ho2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
- Wade-Giles: ho2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
- IPA (key): /xɤ³⁵/
-
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: ho4
- Yale: hòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ho4
- IPA (key): /hɔː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Gan
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
- Hakka Romanization System: hoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ho2
- IPA: /ho¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ò̤
- IPA (key): /o⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
- Tâi-lô: hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
- IPA (Xiamen): /hɤ²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /hɤ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɤ¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /ho²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ho5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hô
- IPA (key): /ho⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhe (T3)
- IPA (key): /ɦᴇ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Xiang
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 河 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xɤ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /xɤ²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /xɤ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /xə⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao |
/xə⁴²/ 新 /xuə⁴²/ 老 |
|
| Zhengzhou | /xɤ⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /xuo²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /xu²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /xə⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /xə⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /xɤ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /xuo²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /xo³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /xo²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /xo³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /xo²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /xʊ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xɤ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao |
/xɔ¹³/ /xei¹³/ |
|
| Hohhot | /xɤ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /vu²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ɦəu¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɦo²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /vu³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /xo⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /xo⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xo¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ɦo¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ho²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ho¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ho¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /hɔ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /hɔ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) |
/ho³⁵/ /o³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /o⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /ɔ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /ho⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /ho³¹/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡歌切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦa/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣɑ/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
hé |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
hé |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[C.ɡ]ˤaj/ |
| English | river |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7459 |
| Phonetic component |
可 |
| Rime group |
歌 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
何 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡaːl/ |
Definitions
河
- †Yellow River
- †(Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River
- †(Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)
- (by extension) river, especially a smaller river, creek, or stream, as distinguished from 江 and 川
- 河流 ― héliú ― river
- 小河 ― xiǎohé ― small river, stream
- streamside; riverside
- †(figuratively) Milky Way
- A surname: He; Ho
Compounds
Derived terms from 河
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Japanese
Kanji
河
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
Alternative forms
Korean
Hanja
河 • (ha) (hangeul 하, McCune-Reischauer ha, Yale ha)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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