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Definition 2024
-ja
-ja
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"
English
Suffix
-ja
Derived terms
Related terms
Estonian
Etymology 1
Cognate with Finnish -ja.
Suffix
-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)
- -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones
Declension
Inflection of -ja (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jad |
| accusative | -ja | -jad |
| genitive | -ja | -jate |
| partitive | -jat | -jaid |
| illative | -jasse | -jatesse -jaisse |
| inessive | -jas | -jates -jais |
| elative | -jast | -jatest -jaist |
| allative | -jale | -jatele -jaile |
| adessive | -jal | -jatel -jail |
| ablative | -jalt | -jatelt -jailt |
| translative | -jaks | -jateks -jaiks |
| terminative | -jani | -jateni |
| essive | -jana | -jatena |
| abessive | -jata | -jateta |
| comitative | -jaga | -jatega |
Derived terms
<a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Estonian_words_suffixed_with_-ja'>Estonian words suffixed with -ja</a>
Suffix
-ja
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ja.
Suffix
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä)
- Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er
Usage notes
- If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.
- juosta; juokse- -> juoksija
- näytellä; näyttele- -> näyttelijä
- After /i/, the /j/ may be silent or almost silent.
Declension
The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, it is declined as kulkija.
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten |
|
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | |
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat |
| gen. | -jan | ||
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten -jainrare |
|
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | |
| inessive | -jassa | -joissa | |
| elative | -jasta | -joista | |
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | |
| adessive | -jalla | -joilla | |
| ablative | -jalta | -joilta | |
| allative | -jalle | -joille | |
| essive | -jana | -joina | |
| translative | -jaksi | -joiksi | |
| instructive | — | -join | |
| abessive | -jatta | -joitta | |
| comitative | — | -joineen | |
Otherwise, it is declined as koira.
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| genitive | -jan | -jien | |
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | |
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat |
| gen. | -jan | ||
| genitive | -jan | -jien -jainrare |
|
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | |
| inessive | -jassa | -jissa | |
| elative | -jasta | -jista | |
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | |
| adessive | -jalla | -jilla | |
| ablative | -jalta | -jilta | |
| allative | -jalle | -jille | |
| essive | -jana | -jina | |
| translative | -jaksi | -jiksi | |
| instructive | — | -jin | |
| abessive | -jatta | -jitta | |
| comitative | — | -jineen | |
See also
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jɒ]
Suffix
-ja
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -ja | — |
| accusative | -ját | — |
| dative | -jának | — |
| instrumental | -jával | — |
| causal-final | -jáért | — |
| translative | -jává | — |
| terminative | -jáig | — |
| essive-formal | -jaként | — |
| essive-modal | -jául | — |
| inessive | -jában | — |
| superessive | -ján | — |
| adessive | -jánál | — |
| illative | -jába | — |
| sublative | -jára | — |
| allative | -jához | — |
| elative | -jából | — |
| delative | -járól | — |
| ablative | -jától | — |
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
Suffix
-ja
- (personal suffix) Used to form the third-person singular present tense of verbs (both in indicative and subjunctive mood, definite conjugation).
- tud (“to know”) → Tudja, hogy mit akar. - He/she knows what he/she wants.
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) → tartalmazza (“it contains”)
Usage notes
- (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.
Present tense definite - personal endings
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -ik | |
| én | 1st person singular subject with 2nd person object |
-lak | -lek | |
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -alak | -elek | ||
Subjunctive/imperative definite - personal endings
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||||
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | ||
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | |||
| long form | -jad | -jed | |||
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -je | ||
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | ||
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | ||
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | ||
| én | 1st person singular subject with 2nd person object |
-jalak | -jelek | ||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | ||||
| s, sz, z, dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres + -j → keress |
||||
| st, szt | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest + -j → fess |
||||
| long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít + -j → segíts bont + -j → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss |
||||
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j becomes -s: mutat + -j → mutass |
||||
See also
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes