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Definition 2024

壞

壞

See also: 壊 and 坏

Translingual

Traditional 壞
Shinjitai 壊
Simplified 坏

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (褱) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓌 *kuːl
櫰 *kuːl, *ɡruːl
褱 *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl
懷 *ɡruːl
瀤 *ɡruːl
壞 *ɡruːls
蘾 *ɡruːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 ‎(“earth”) + phonetic 褱 ‎(OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl).

Han character

壞 (radical 32 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition ⿰土褱)

References

  • KangXi: page 242, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
  • Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 500, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+58DE

Chinese

trad. 壞
simp. 坏

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 壞 壞
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 皆 (34) 皆 (34)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 古壞切 胡怪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠuɛiH/ /ɦˠuɛiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʷᵚæiH/ /ɦʷᵚæiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kuɐiH/ /ɣuɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kwəɨjH/ /ɦwəɨjH/
Li
Rong		 /kuɛiH/ /ɣuɛiH/
Wang
Li		 /kwɐiH/ /ɣwɐiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kwăiH/ /ɣwăiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 guài huài
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 壞 壞 壞 壞 壞
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 huài huài huài huài huài
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwojX › ‹ hwojX › ‹ kwɛjH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/ /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/ /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/ /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/ /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/
English be destroyed destroy be destroyed destroy destroy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 壞
Reading # 1/1
No. 5344
Phonetic
component		 褱
Rime
group		 微
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 壞
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡruːls/

Definitions

壞

  1. bad
  2. rotten; spoiled
  3. to spoil; to go rotten
  4. broken (non-functional)
  5. to break; to stop working
  6. to ruin; to destroy

Compounds

  • 壞心眼兒／坏心眼儿
  • 壞東西／坏东西
  • 壞死／坏死 (huàisǐ)
  • 壞水／坏水
  • 壞腸子／坏肠子

Japanese

Kanji

壞

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

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Readings

Korean

Hanja

壞 • ‎(goe, hoe) (hangeul 괴, 회, McCune-Reischauer koe, hoe)

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Vietnamese

Han character

壞 (hoại, hoải, hoai)

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