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Definition 2024
習
習
See also: 习
Translingual
Han character
習 (radical 124 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 17602, composition ⿱羽白)
References
- KangXi: page 956, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
- Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3345, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7FD2
Chinese
| trad. | 習 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 习 | |
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (習) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 摺 | *ruːb, *ʔljob |
| 磖 | *ruːb |
| 褶 | *ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub |
| 慴 | *ʔljob, *l'ɯːb |
| 霫 | *slub, *ljub |
| 習 | *ljub |
| 鰼 | *ljub |
| 騽 | *ljub, *ɢrub |
| 飁 | *ljub |
| 槢 | *ljub |
| 熠 | *ɢrub, *lub |
Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.
In current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).
Etymology
Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.
Area word:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ་པ (slob pa, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
- Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thléab, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zaap6, zap6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): si̍p
- Min Dong (BUC): sĭk
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): xxiq (T5)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
- Wade-Giles: hsih2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
- IPA (key): /ɕi³⁵/
-
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: zaap6, zap6
- Yale: jaahp, jahp
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap9, dzap9
- IPA (key): /t͡sɑːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
- Hakka Romanization System: xib
- Hagfa Pinyim: xib6
- IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
- IPA (key): /siʔ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
- Tâi-lô: si̍p
- Phofsit Daibuun: sip
- IPA (Xiamen): /ɕip̚⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕip̚²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕip̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ɕip̚⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕip̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sib8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
- IPA (key): /sip̚⁴/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: xxiq (T5)
- IPA (key): /ʑ̻i̯ɪʔ¹²/
- (Shanghainese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 習 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ɕi²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ɕi⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ɕi⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /si⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /si⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /ɕi²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ɕji²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ɕi¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ɕi¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ɕi²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɕi²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ɕi³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /ɕi²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /ɕi³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /siʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /ɕiəʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/ |
| Pingyao | /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ɕiəʔ⁴³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʑiɪʔ¹/ |
| Suzhou | /ziəʔ³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /d͡ʑiəʔ²/ | |
| Wenzhou | /zai²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰi²²/ |
| Tunxi | /t͡sʰe¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /si²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /si²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sip̚⁵/ |
| Taoyuan | /sip̚⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sap̚²/ |
| Nanning | /t͡sɐp̚²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /t͡sap̚²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /sip̚⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /siʔ⁵/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /si²⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /sip̚⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /t͡sip̚³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 似入切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ziɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/zip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/zjep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/zip̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/ziəp̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/zĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/zi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xí |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xí |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ zip › |
| Old Chinese |
/*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp |
| English | repeat; practice |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13387 |
| Phonetic component |
習 |
| Rime group |
緝 |
| Rime subdivision |
3 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
習 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ljub/ |
Definitions
習
- † to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
- to practice; to exercise; to review
- to study; to learn
- to become familiar with; to be used to
- habit, custom
- trusted follower
- to fall into a bad habit
- often; frequently
- A surname.
- 習近平 / 习近平 ― Xí Jìnpíng ― Xi Jinping
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
習
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Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
習 • (seup) (hangeul 습, McCune-Reischauer sŭp, Yale sup)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
習 (tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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