Esperanto

Suffix

-us

1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

Etymology

Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

-us ‎(genitive -use, partitive -ust)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   armastama "to love" → armastus "love"

   võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"

   joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"

2. Derives nouns from adjectives.

   aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"

   pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Declension

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology 1

Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.

Suffix

-us ‎(front vowel harmony variant -ys)

1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.

   kuvata ‎(“to describe”) → kuvaus ‎(“description”)

   pakata ‎(“to pack”) → pakkaus ‎(“package”)

   ylentää ‎(“to promote”) → ylennys ‎(“promotion”)

   hälyttää ‎(“to alarm”) → hälytys ‎(“an alarm”)

2. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.

   kanta ‎(“base”) → kannus ‎(“spur”)

   sormi ‎(“finger”) → sormus ‎(“ring”)

   vasta- ‎(“counter-”) → vastus ‎(“resistance, opposition”)

   kehä ‎(“circle, ring”) → kehys ‎(“frame”)

   syli ‎(“bosom, lap”) → sylys ‎(“armful”)

   typerä ‎(“stupid”) → typerys ‎(“fool”)

Declension

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us ‎(front vowel harmony variant -ys)

1. Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.

Declension

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [uʃ]

Suffix

-us

1. Diminutive suffix.

   apa (father) → apus (dad)

   Kata (Kate) → Katus (Katie)

   cica (cat) → cicus (kitty)

   kutya (dog) → kutyus (pooch, puppy)

2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.

   agronómus ‎(“agronomist”)

Usage notes

(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, usually ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

See also

• -is
• Category:Hungarian nouns suffixed with -us
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

• Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /us/, [ʊs]

Suffix

-us m ‎(feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second declension

1. suffix forming adjectives

Declension

First/second declension.

Derived terms

See also

• -tus

References

• “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós ‎(“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas ‎(“bend”) : lankùs ‎(“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर​ ‎(rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर​ ‎(rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος ‎(dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός ‎(dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-ùs m stress pattern 4

1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something

   ardýti ‎(“take apart”) → ardùs ‎(“crumbly”)

   kalbėti ‎(“talk”) → kalbùs ‎(“talkative”)

Declension

Derived terms

• -usis

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

Alternative forms

• -ius

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs m

1. Masculine nominative singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.

   alùs ‎(“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)

   sūnùs ‎(“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)

Declension

(noun):

(adjective):

Etymology 3

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons ‎(“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους ‎(-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् ‎(-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 ‎(-ans).

Alternative forms

• -ius
• -uos, -iuos

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs

1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Derived terms

• -uosius

Etymology 4

Cognate with Russian -в ‎(-v). See also -usi.

Alternative forms

• -ius

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us

1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle

   bū́ti ‎(“to be”) → bùvo ‎(“was”) → bùvus ‎(“having been”)

   slė̃pti ‎(“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo ‎(“hid”) → slė̃pdavus ‎(“having hid”)

Related terms

• -ęs

References

1. ↑ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

Descendants

• Welsh: -us

Northern Sami

Suffix

-us

1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.

   vuoš'šat ‎(“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus ‎(“something to be cooked”)

   muitalit ‎(“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus ‎(“something to be told; story”)

2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.

   juohkit ‎(“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus ‎(“division, section”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection

For even-syllable stems:

For odd-syllable stems:

Derived terms

Old French

Alternative forms

• -eus
• -eux
• -os
• -ous

Suffix

-us

1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

Derived terms

Descendants

• English: -ous
• French: -eux

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /us/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-us

1. Alternative form of -as

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us ‎(suffixed pronoun)

1. her (object pronoun)
2. them

See also

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh -us, from Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms