English

Suffix

-o ‎(plural -os or -oes)

1. A colloquializing suffix.
2. A type of person (colloquial).

Usage notes

-o generally does not change the meaning of the word, only making it more colloquial, often with elision (like clipping, but with a suffix), and is primarily applied to nouns, as in kiddo ‎(“kid”) or preso ‎(“presentation”). It is sometimes applied to adjectives, such as agro or rando. It may also be applied to certain given names or surnames, often with elision and sometimes from an already shortened form, to create a nickname form — e.g., Jacko from Jack, Davo from Dave, Smitho from Smith.

Less commonly, it results in a change in meaning, primarily meaning “a person with a characteristic”, and is generally applied to adjectives, resulting in a noun, as is weirdo ‎(“weird person”). More rarely it can also be applied to a noun, as in wino ‎(“wine-drinking alcoholic”).

Derived terms

Type of person

Australianisms; some are also found in other varieties of English

See also

• -ie, -y

Etymology 2

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o.

Suffix

-o

1. (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with el for expressions such as el stinko.

   no problemo

Derived terms

• problemo
• stinko

Etymology 3

Back-formation from typo.

Suffix

-o

1. An error of a specific type.

Derived terms

• clicko
• scanno
• speako
• spello
• thinko

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

• From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular of Russian (окно ‎(okno))
• Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то ‎(to))

Suffix

-o

1. Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
   • amiko ‎(“friend”)
   • patro ‎(“father”)
   • vorto ‎(“word”)
2. -thing. (correlative object ending.)
   • kio ‎(“what?, what”)
   • tio ‎(“that”)
   • ĉio ‎(“everything”)
   • io ‎(“something”)
   • nenio ‎(“nothing”)

Finnish

Suffix

-o ‎(front vowel harmony variant -ö)

1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.

   huutaa ‎(“shout”) → huuto ‎(“shout”)

   keittää ‎(“boil, cook”) → keitto ‎(“cooking; soup”)

   nähdä ‎(“see”) → näkö ‎(“vision”) (ability to see)

2. Forms variants from a few nominal roots.

   hilla ‎(“cloudberry”) → hillo ‎(“jam”)

   kanta ‎(“base”) → kanto ‎(“tree stump”)

   tasa ‎(“level”) → taso ‎(“plane”)

Usage notes

• Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.

Declension

Derived terms

See also

• -u
• -uu

French

Etymology

Corresponds to -ot, -au

Suffix

-o

1. added to a noun or an adjective after apocope, to create a familiar synonym

Derived terms

Ido

Etymology

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.

Suffix

-o

1. Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

Italian

Suffix

-o

1. Used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /oː/

Etymology 1

See Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases).

Suffix

-ō m ‎(genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns

   combibō ‎(root: combib-) + -ō → combibō

   incubō ‎(root: incub-) + -ō → incubō

2. suffixed to nouns, forms cognomina and, in post-Classical Latin, nicknames and equivalent designations

   Brūn + -ō → Brūnō

   cicer + -ō → Cicerō

Declension

singulare tantum declension in cognomina

Third declension.

Synonyms

• (suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹

Derived terms

References

• “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 2

Developing from nouns’ ablatives of manner.

Suffix

-ō ‎(comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)

1. forms adverbs

   prīmus + -ō → prīmō

   tūtus + -ō → tūtō

Derived terms

References

• “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Italic *-āō or *-aēō, from the following sources:

• Denominative verbs with *-eh₂yéti (e.g. dōnō, pugnō, cūrō)
• Verbs from roots in *-eh₂-. (e.g. for, nō, hiō, flō, domō, iuvō)
• Verbs from roots in *-h₃-. (e.g. dō, lavō, arō)
• By sound laws acting on *-h₂ + *-éh₁yeti. (singular case of stō)

Alternative forms

• -aō

Suffix

present active -ō, present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum

1. suffixed to nouns — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   cūra + -ō → cūrō

   dōnum + -ō → dōnō

   laus ‎(stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō

   multa + -ō → multō

2. suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   com- + pellō ‎(pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō ‎(pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

   prō- + flīgō ‎(pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō ‎(pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

Conjugation

Derived terms

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press
• “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 4

Regularly declined forms of -us.

Suffix

-ō

1. dative masculine singular of -us
2. dative neuter singular of -us
3. ablative masculine singular of -us
4. ablative neuter singular of -us

See also

• Category:Latin words suffixed with -o

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a ‎(“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् ‎(-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω ‎(óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 ‎(-as).

Suffix

-õ

1. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
2. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-o

1. Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
2. Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.

Etymology 3

Suffix

-õ

1. An illative suffix.

   namas → namo

Synonyms

• -op
• -on, -yn, -ėn

Lower Sorbian

Suffix

-o

1. -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

Derived terms

Synonyms

• -je

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: -e

Old High German

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Descendants

• Middle High German: -e

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta ‎(“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 ‎(-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 ‎(nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

Suffix

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs

   geban ‎(“to give”) → gëbo ‎(“giver”)

   sprehhan ‎(“to speak”) → sprëhho ‎(“speaker”)

   biotan ‎(“to offer, send, command”) → boto ‎(“messenger”)

   ziohan ‎(“to pull, lead”) → herizogo ‎(“army leader”)

   sagēn ‎(“to say”) → fora-sago ‎(“prophet”)

Declension

Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano ‎(“cock”), namo ‎(“name”), gomo ‎(“man”).

Descendants

• German: -e
• Middle High German: -e

In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

Old Saxon

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta ‎(“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 ‎(-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 ‎(nuta, “fisher”).

Suffix

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns

   gevan ‎(“to give”) → gevo ‎(“giver”)

   beddi ‎(“bed”) → gibeddio ‎(“bedfellow”)

Descendants

• Middle Low German: -e

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.

Suffix

-o

1. forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Etymology 2

From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō.

Suffix

-o

1. forms the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Spanish

Suffix

-o

1. suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Volapük

Suffix

-o

1. adverb ending
2. -wise (in the matter of; with regard to)

Derived terms