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Definition 2024
努
努
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Translingual
Han character
努 (radical 19 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 47427, composition ⿱奴力)
- to exert, strive, make an effort
- to pout
References
- KangXi: page 146, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
- Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 369, character 4
- Unihan data for U+52AA
Chinese
|
simp. and trad. |
努 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
- Wade-Giles: nu3
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
- IPA (key): /nu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: nou5
- Yale: nóuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: nou5
- IPA (key): /nou̯¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú
- Hakka Romanization System: nu`
- Hagfa Pinyim: nu3
- IPA: /nu³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
- Tâi-lô: lóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: lor
- IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien)
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 努 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴古切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/nuoX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/nuoX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/noX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/nɔX/ |
| Li Rong |
/noX/ |
| Wang Li |
/nuX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/nuoX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
nǔ |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 努 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9606 |
| Phonetic component |
女 |
| Rime group |
魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
怒 |
| Old Chinese |
/*naːʔ/ |
Definitions
努
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Japanese
Kanji
努
Readings
- Goon: ぬ (nu) (non-Jōyō reading)
- Kan’on: ど (do)
- Kun: つとむ (努む, tsutomu) (obsolete), つとめる (努める, tsutomeru)
- Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 努 |
|
つとむ Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
努 (hiragana つとむ, romaji Tsutomu)
- A male given name
Korean
Hanja
努 • (no) (hangeul 노, revised no, McCune-Reischauer no)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
努 (nỗ)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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