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Definition 2024
末
末
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
Han character
末 (radical 75 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 50900)
Derived characters
Descendants
References
- KangXi: page 509, character 6
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
- Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1150, character 2
- Unihan data for U+672B
Chinese
|
simp. and trad. |
末 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (末) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 眛 | *maːds, *mɯːds |
| 沬 | *maːds, *hmɯːds, *mɯds |
| 佅 | *mraːds |
| 韎 | *mreːds, *maːd |
| 帓 | *mraːd |
| 粖 | *meːd, *maːd |
| 末 | *maːd |
| 昩 | *maːd |
| 秣 | *maːd |
| 靺 | *maːd |
| 眜 | *maːd |
| 抹 | *maːd |
| 妺 | *maːd |
| 怽 | *maːd |
| 沫 | *maːd |
| 袜 | *maːd |
Ideogram (指事) : a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本. (Alternatively, with fully developed fruit; contrast 未.)
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
- Wade-Giles: mo4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
- IPA (key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
-
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: mut6
- Yale: muht
- Cantonese Pinyin: mut9
- IPA (key): /muːt̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ma̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: mad
- Hagfa Pinyim: mad6
- IPA: /mat̚⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍h / boa̍t
- Tâi-lô: bua̍h / bua̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: boah, boat
- IPA (Xiamen): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /buaʔ²⁴/, /buat̚²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /buaʔ¹²¹/, /buat̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
- Note: boa̍h - vernacular; boa̍t - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuah8 / muêg8 / muag8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bua̍h / mue̍k / mua̍k
- IPA (key): /buaʔ⁴/, /muek̚⁴/, /muak̚⁴/
- Note: bhuah8 - vernacular; muêg8, muag8 - literary.
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: meq (T5)
- IPA (key): /məʔ¹²/
- (Shanghainese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 末 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /mo⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /mɤ⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /mo⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /mə²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /mə⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /mo²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /mo²¹/ | |
| Xining | /mɔ⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /muə¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou |
/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子 |
|
| Ürümqi | /mɤ²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /mo²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /mo³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /mo²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /mo³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /moʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /mɐʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /maʔ²/ |
| Pingyao | /mʌʔ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /maʔ⁴³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /məʔ¹/ |
| Suzhou | /məʔ³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /moʔ²/ | |
| Wenzhou | /mø²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /mɔ²²/ |
| Tunxi | /mo¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /mo²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /mo²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /mɵʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /mat̚⁵/ |
| Taoyuan | /mɑt̚⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mut̚²/ |
| Nanning | /mut̚²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /mut̚²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) |
/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /muaʔ⁵/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /muɛ⁴²/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) |
/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/ |
|
| Haikou (Min Nan) |
/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 末 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 末 (64) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 莫撥切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/muɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/mʷɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/muɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/mwat̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/muɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/muɑt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/muɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
mò |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 末 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
mò |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ mat › |
| Old Chinese |
/*mˤat/ |
| English | end of a branch |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 末 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9223 |
| Phonetic component |
末 |
| Rime group |
月 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
末 |
| Old Chinese |
/*maːd/ |
Definitions
末
Compounds
Derived terms from 末
|
|
|
Japanese
Kanji
末
Readings
- Goon: まち (machi), まつ (matsu)
- Kan’on: ばつ (batsu)
- Kun: うら (ura) (non-Jōyō reading), うれ (ure) (non-Jōyō reading), すえ (sue) > すゑ (suwe)
Compounds
Compounds
|
Noun
末 (hiragana すえ, romaji sue, historical hiragana すゑ)
- end, last
- last child, youngest child
- triviality
Noun
末 (hiragana まつ, romaji matsu)
Noun
Noun
末 (hiragana うれ, romaji ure)
Korean
Hanja
末 • (mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune-Reischauer mal, Yale mal)
Compounds
|
|
|
Usage notes
- ↑ This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.
- ↑ Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.
- ↑ "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".
- ↑ Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.