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Definition 2024

參

參

參 U+53C3, 參
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C3
← 参
[U+53C2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 叄 →
[U+53C4]
See also: 参, 蔘, and 叄

Translingual

Shinjitai 参
Simplified 参
Traditional 參

Alternative forms

Han character

參 (radical 28 厶+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈戈戈竹 (IIIH), four-corner 23202, composition ⿱𠫯彡)

  1. take part in, intervene
  2. three
  3. uneven
  4. name of a constellation
  5. second syllable of ginseng (renshen) and Codonopsis pilosula (dangshen)

References

  • KangXi: page 164, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 387, character 23
  • Unihan data for U+53C3

Chinese

trad. 參
simp. 参

Pronunciation

  • Middle Chinese: /ʃˠiɪm/, /t͡ʃʰˠiɪm/, /t͡sʰʌm/, /sɑm/, /t͡sʰʌmH/▼
Rime
Character 參 參 參 參 參
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 初 (19) 清 (14) 心 (16) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 侵 (140) 侵 (140) 覃 (159) 談 (143) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open Open Open
Division (等) Chongniu III Chongniu III I I I
Fanqie 所今切 楚簪切 倉含切 蘇甘切 七紺切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠiɪm/ /t͡ʃʰˠiɪm/ /t͡sʰʌm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰʌmH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚim/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚim/ /t͡sʰəm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰəmH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃiem/ /t͡ʃʰiem/ /t͡sʰɒm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰɒmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂjim/ /ʈ͡ʂʰjim/ /t͡sʰəm/ /sam/ /t͡sʰəmH/
Li
Rong		 /ʃjəm/ /t͡ʃʰjəm/ /t͡sʰᴀm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰᴀmH/
Wang
Li		 /ʃĭĕm/ /t͡ʃʰĭĕm/ /t͡sʰɒm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰɒmH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂi̯əm/ /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯əm/ /t͡sʰăm/ /sɑm/ /t͡sʰămH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shēn chēn cān sān càn
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參 參 參 參
Reading # 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cān cēn sān shēn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tshom › ‹ tsrhim › ‹ sam › ‹ srim ›
Old
Chinese		 /*r̥ˤəʔ/ /*[tsʰr][u]m/ /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) /*srum/ (should be *s.rum)
English accumulate 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven three the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參 參 參 參 參
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
No. 1081 1088 1094 1103 1108
Phonetic
component		 參 參 參 參 參
Rime
group		 侵 侵 談 侵 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3 3 3 3 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 參 謲 三 嵾 森
Old
Chinese		 /*sʰluːm/ /*sʰluːms/ /*sloːm/ /*sʰrum/ /*srum/
Notes 同嵾

Definitions

參

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

參

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 参)

  1. three

Readings

Korean

Hanja

參 • ‎(cham, sam) (hangeul 참, 삼, revised cham, sam, McCune-Reischauer ch'am, sam, Yale cham, sam)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

參 (tham, sâm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology

Historical forms of the character 參
Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (參) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
篸 *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːms
參 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum
驂 *sʰluːm
傪 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːmʔ
慘 *sʰluːmʔ
黲 *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰloːmʔ
謲 *sʰluːms
毿 *sluːm
蔘 *sluːm, *srum
犙 *sluːm, *sru, *srɯu
糝 *sluːmʔ
槮 *sluːmʔ, *sʰrum, *srum, *srumʔ
鬖 *sloːm
摻 *sruːm, *sruːmʔ
醦 *sruːmʔ, *sʰrumʔ
縿 *sroːm
穇 *sroːm
嵾 *sʰrum
磣 *sʰrumʔ
墋 *sʰrumʔ
曑 *srum
瘮 *srumʔ
滲 *srums

Simplified from 曑 (晶 → 厽).

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