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Definition 2024

累

累

See also: 纍

Translingual

Stroke order

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (畾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
摞 *roːl, *roːls
騾 *roːl
螺 *roːl
蔂 *roːl, *rul
虆 *roːl, *rul
瘰 *roːlʔ
礌 *ruːl, *ruːls
雷 *ruːl
擂 *ruːl, *ruːls
攂 *ruːl, *ruːls
礧 *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
儡 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
瓃 *ruːl, *rul, *ruls
櫑 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鑘 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鐳 *ruːl
畾 *ruːl
轠 *ruːl, *rulʔ
罍 *ruːl
蕾 *ruːlʔ
癗 *ruːlʔ
磥 *ruːlʔ
累 *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols
儽 *ruːls, *rul
樏 *rolʔ, *rul
鸓 *rul, *rulʔ
嫘 *rul
纍 *rul, *ruls
欙 *rul
纝 *rul
壘 *rulʔ
櫐 *rulʔ
蘽 *rulʔ
藟 *rulʔ
讄 *rulʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols) : 田 + 糸.

Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田)

A popular theory consider this character as an ideogramic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field 田 while women worked in silk farming 糸. This is a mnemonic and not the etymology.

Han character

累 (radical 120 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition ⿱田糸)

  1. tired
  2. implicate, involve
  3. bother

References

  • KangXi: page 919, character 35
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3381, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7D2F
  • McNaughton, William (2005) Reading & Writing Chinese: Simplified Character Edition, 2nd Edition edition, Tuttle, ISBN 978-0804835091, page 10

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 累

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 累 (累積) 累 (連累)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/ /lei⁵¹/
Harbin /lei²¹³/ /lei⁵³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/ /lei⁵³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/ /luei²¹/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/ /le⁴²/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/ /luei³¹²/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/ /luei⁰/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/ /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/ /luei¹³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/ /luei¹³/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/ /luei²¹³/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/ /nei³⁵/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/ /nuei¹³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/ /nuei²¹³/
Kunming /luei⁵³/ /luei²¹²/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/ /luəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /le²⁴/ /le⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/ /luei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/ /luei³⁵/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/ /luei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/ /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/ /le̞³¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/ /lei¹³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/ /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/ /le²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/ /lei⁵⁵/
/lei¹¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/ /nəi²¹/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/ /lui²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/ /lui⁵³/
Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/ /løy²²/
Nanning /lui²⁴/ /lui²²/
Hong Kong /løy²²/ /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/ /lui²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/ /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly²⁴/ /ly⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/ /lui³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lui²¹³/ /lui³³/
Rime
Character 累 累
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 支 (12) 支 (12)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 力委切 良僞切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /liuᴇX/ /liuᴇH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /lʷiɛX/ /lʷiɛH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ljuɛX/ /ljuɛH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lwiə̆X/ /lwiə̆H/
Li
Rong		 /liueX/ /liueH/
Wang
Li		 /lǐweX/ /lǐweH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /lwie̯X/ /lwie̯H/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 lěi lèi
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 累 累
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 lěi lěi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ljwe › ‹ ljweX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[r]oj/ /*[r]ojʔ/
English rope (to tie s.o. up) accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 累 累 累
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
No. 7727 7733 7735
Phonetic
component		 畾 畾 畾
Rime
group		 微 歌 歌
Rime
subdivision		 2 3 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 纇 絫 累
Old
Chinese		 /*ruːls/ /*rolʔ/ /*rols/
Notes 同絫

Adjective

累

  1. tired, weary
    • 我很累。  ―  Wǒ hěn lèi.  ―  I'm tired.
  2. (of work) hard; tiring
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”)
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 疲倦、疲乏、疲累、疲憊
Mandarin Beijing 累、乏
Taiwan 累
Jinan 累、乏
Xi'an 乏、累
Wuhan 累
Chengdu 累
Yangzhou 累、痿
Hefei 累
Cantonese Guangzhou 攰
Hong Kong 攰
Yangjiang 攰
Gan Nanchang 累
Hakka Meixian 𤸁
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𤸁、悿
Liudui (S. Sixian) 𤸁、悿
Hsinchu (Hailu) 悿
Dongshi (Dabu) 悿、𤸁
Zhuolan (Raoping) 悿
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 悿
Jin Taiyuan 乏、累
Min Bei Jian'ou 累、軟
Min Dong Fuzhou 弱
Min Nan Quanzhou 𤺪、厭
Xiamen 𤺪、厭
Zhangzhou 𤺪、厭
Taipei 𤺪、忝
Wu Suzhou 吃力
Wenzhou 㾯、吃力
Xiang Changsha 傫
Shuangfeng 鶴累

Verb

累

  1. to strain, to wear out

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 累 (累積) 累 (連累)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/ /lei⁵¹/
Harbin /lei²¹³/ /lei⁵³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/ /lei⁵³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/ /luei²¹/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/ /le⁴²/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/ /luei³¹²/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/ /luei⁰/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/ /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/ /luei¹³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/ /luei¹³/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/ /luei²¹³/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/ /nei³⁵/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/ /nuei¹³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/ /nuei²¹³/
Kunming /luei⁵³/ /luei²¹²/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/ /luəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /le²⁴/ /le⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/ /luei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/ /luei³⁵/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/ /luei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/ /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/ /le̞³¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/ /lei¹³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/ /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/ /le²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/ /lei⁵⁵/
/lei¹¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/ /nəi²¹/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/ /lui²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/ /lui⁵³/
Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/ /løy²²/
Nanning /lui²⁴/ /lui²²/
Hong Kong /løy²²/ /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/ /lui²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/ /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly²⁴/ /ly⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/ /lui³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lui²¹³/ /lui³³/

Adjective

累

  1. continuous, repeated

Verb

累

  1. to accumulate

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍.
(This character, 累, is the simplified form of 纍.)
Notes:

Compounds

References

  • (Mandarin) 累 in CEDICT on MDBG
  • “Jukuu”, in Jukuu (in Mandarin/English), accessed 2014-03-03
  • (Hakka) Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) ISBN 962-201-750-9.

Japanese

Kanji

累

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

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Readings

Korean

Hanja

累 • ‎(ru>nu) (hangeul 루>누, revised ru>nu, McCune-Reischauer ru>nu, Yale lwu>nwu)

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Vietnamese

Han character

累 (luỵ, lủi, luỹ, mệt, luy)

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