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Definition 2024


See also:

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • (when used as a radical)

Han character

(radical 168 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732)

  1. Kangxi radical #168, (long).

Derived characters

  • Index:Chinese radical/長

References

  • KangXi: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare .

Unrelated to visually similar , and notably does not have a diagonal stroke at lower left.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative.

See for more.

Pronunciation 1



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 長 (短)
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
/t͡suə¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
/tŋ̍³⁵/
/t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /touŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
/tɯŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /siaŋ³¹/
/ʔdo³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/3
Initial () (11)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɖɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/ȡiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
cháng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cháng
Middle
Chinese
‹ drjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English long (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/3
No. 1276
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*daŋ/

Definitions

  1. long (of distance)
    /    chángzhēng   Long March
  2. length
    /    quáncháng   full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. everlasting; permanent
  6. constantly; frequently
  7. straight; perfectly straight
  8. upright; right; good; fine
  9. strength; advantage; merit
  10. skill; specialism
  11. to excel in
  12. A surname.

Compounds

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/3
Initial () (9)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈɨaŋX/
Li
Rong
/ȶiaŋX/
Wang
Li
/ȶĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhǎng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
zhǎng
Middle
Chinese
‹ trjangX ›
Old
Chinese
/*traŋʔ/
English grow; elder

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/3
No. 1263
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*taŋʔ/

Definitions

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    /    zhǎng   to grow old
  2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
    /    niánzhǎng   senior
  7. senior; elder
    /    xiōngzhǎng   elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest

Compounds

Pronunciation 3



Rime
Character
Reading # 3/3
Initial () (11)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong
/ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li
/ȡĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhàng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*daŋs/

Definitions

  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦 [Min Dong, trad.]
    今旦 [Min Dong, simp.]
    Gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
ちょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (drjang, long).

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana ちょう, romaji chō, historical hiragana ちやう)

  1. chief, head, leader

Proper noun

(hiragana ひさし, romaji Hisashi)

  1. A male given name

(hiragana たける, romaji Takeru)

  1. A male given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
おさ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana おさ, romaji osa, historical hiragana をさ)

  1. chief, head, leader

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
なが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Prefix

(hiragana なが, romaji naga-)

  1. long

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
つかさ
Grade: 2
Irregular

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

(hiragana つかさ, romaji tsukasa)

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
  3. government service

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
たき
Grade: 2
Irregular

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
  • IPA(key): [ta̠kʲi]

Alternative forms

Noun

(hiragana たき, romaji taki)

  1. height

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
たけ
Grade: 2
Irregular

/take2/: [takye] → [take]. Cognate with (taka, height), 高い (takai, high), and 長ける (takeru, to be high).

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

(hiragana たけ, romaji take)

  1. height

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. 1 2 3 4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean

Hanja

(jang)
Eumhun:

  • Sound (hangeul):  (McCune-Reischauer: chang, Yale: cang)
  • Name (hangeul): 길다 (revised: gilda, McCune-Reischauer: kilda, Yale: kilta)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Character

Readings

References

  • Nom Foundation
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm , NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)