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Definition 2024
愛
愛
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
愛 (radical 61 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)
Derived terms
References
- KangXi: page 395, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
- Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2323, character 1
- Unihan data for U+611B
Chinese
| trad. | 愛 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 爱 | |
| alt. forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 愛 | *qɯːds |
| 曖 | *qɯːds, *qaːds |
| 僾 | *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ |
| 靉 | *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ |
| 薆 | *qɯːds |
| 璦 | *qɯːds |
| 瞹 | *qaːds |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds) : phonetic 㤅 + semantic 夊.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): oi3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): oi
- Min Dong (BUC): ái
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): e (T2)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
- Wade-Giles: ai4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
- IPA (key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
-
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: oi3
- Yale: oi
- Cantonese Pinyin: oi3
- IPA (key): /ɔːi̯³³/
- Note: ngoi3 - colloquial reading from hypercorrection of the "ng-initial loss".
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: oi
- Hakka Romanization System: oi
- Hagfa Pinyim: oi4
- IPA: /o̯i⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ái
- IPA (key): /ɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: e (T2)
- IPA (key): /ᴇ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏代切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ʔʌiH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ʔəiH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ʔɒiH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ʔəjH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ʔᴀiH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɒiH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ʔɑ̆iH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
ài |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
ài |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ʔojH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[q]ˤə[p]-s/ |
| English | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1 |
| Phonetic component |
愛 |
| Rime group |
隊 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
愛 |
| Old Chinese |
/*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | 說文本從心旡聲 |
Definitions
愛
- love; affection
- love; benevolence
- 遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间 ― yíàirénjiān ― to leave love behind
- to love
- affectionate
- beloved
- to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
- to be prone; to be easy to
- to treasure; to value
- (Hakka, Cantonese, Wu) to want (an object)
- (Min, Hakka) to want to do; to need to; must
- something one loves; someone whom one loves
- Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡 (āi).
- 令愛 / 令爱 ― lìngài ― your precious daughter
- A surname.
Usage notes
- When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “something that gives you the creeps, disgusting”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuān, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuān) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.
Compounds
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Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Goon: あい (ai), お (o)
- Kan’on: あい (ai)
- Kun: いつくしむ (愛しむ, itsukushimu), いとしい (愛しい, itoshii), いとおしむ (愛おしむ, itōshimu), おしむ (愛しむ, oshimu), まな (mana), めでる (愛でる, mederu), めで (愛で, mede), めで (愛, mede),
- Nanori: あ (a), あい (ai), あし (ashi), え (e), かな (kana), なる (naru), めぐ (megu), めぐみ (megumi), よし (yoshi), ちか (chika)
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 愛 |
|
あい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 愛 (/ʔojH/, “to love”). Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).
Pronunciation
Noun
Synonyms
- (love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋 (koi)
- (love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋愛 (ren'ai)
- (affection): 愛情 (aijō)
Derived terms
Idioms
- 愛して見れば鼻欠けも靨 (aishite mireba hanakake mo ekubo): “if you love someone, even a missing nose is only a dimple” ⇒ when you love someone, you minimize their flaws
Proper noun
- A female given name
- A surname.
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 愛 |
|
めで Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of Old Japanese verb 愛でる (mederu, “to love; to appreciate or admire”).[3][1]
Pronunciation
Alternative forms
- 愛で, 目出
Noun
- (archaic) love, appreciation, dearness
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 894)
- 愛能盛尓 天下 奏多麻比志 家子等 撰多麻比天 [Man'yōgana]
- 愛の盛りに 天の下 申し給いし 家の子と 選び給いて [Modern spelling]
- mede no sakari ni ame no shita mōshitamai shi ie no ko to erabitamaite
- with the utmost of love, [Amaterasu] spoke under the heavens, and chose with her children...
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 894)
Idioms
Related terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 愛 |
|
まな Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3] The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji.
Pronunciation
Noun
- (archaic) (derived from prefix sense) something dear, something loved
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
- 麻奈登伊布兒我 安夜尓可奈思佐 [Man'yōgana]
- 愛という児が あやに愛しさ [Modern spelling]
- mana to iu ko ga aya ni kanashisa
- the child called a dear, such indescribable tenderness
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
Prefix
愛 (hiragana まな, romaji mana-)
- before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
- before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
Derived terms
Proper noun
- A female given name
Etymology 4
Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.
Proper noun
愛 (hiragana あづみ, romaji Azumi, alternative reading ああい, romaji Āi, alternative reading あいか, romaji Aika, alternative reading あいす, romaji Aisu, alternative reading あき, romaji Aki, alternative reading あこ, romaji Ako, alternative reading あみか, romaji Amika, alternative reading あおい, romaji Aoi, alternative reading ありさ, romaji Arisa, alternative reading あや, romaji Aya, alternative reading あゆ, romaji Ayu, alternative reading ちぎり, romaji Chigiri, alternative reading ちか, romaji Chika, alternative reading ちかし, romaji Chikashi, alternative reading えりな, romaji Erina, alternative reading はあと, romaji Hāto, alternative reading ひかり, romaji Hikari, alternative reading いと, romaji Ito, alternative reading いとし, romaji Itoshi, alternative reading いつみ, romaji Itsumi, alternative reading いずみ, romaji Izumi, alternative reading かな, romaji Kana, alternative reading かなえ, romaji Kanae, alternative reading かなさ, romaji Kanasa, alternative reading きずな, romaji Kizuna, alternative reading こころ, romaji Kokoro, alternative reading このむ, romaji Konomu, alternative reading まどか, romaji Madoka, alternative reading まなぶ, romaji Manabu, alternative reading まなみ, romaji Manami, alternative reading めづる, romaji Mezuru, alternative reading めご, romaji Mego, alternative reading めぐ, romaji Megu, alternative reading めぐみ, romaji Megumi, alternative reading めぐむ, romaji Megumu, alternative reading めい, romaji Mei, alternative reading なる, romaji Naru, alternative reading なるこ, romaji Naruko, alternative reading のぞみ, romaji Nozomi, alternative reading らぶ, romaji Rabu, alternative reading るい, romaji Rui, alternative reading さら, romaji Sara, alternative reading さらん, romaji Saran, alternative reading つぐみ, romaji Tsugumi, alternative reading つくみ, romaji Tsukumi, alternative reading うい, romaji Ui, alternative reading よし, romaji Yoshi, alternative reading よしき, romaji Yoshiki, alternative reading よしみ, romaji Yoshimi)
- A female given name
References
- 1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
- 1 2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Vietnamese
Han character
愛 (ái, áy)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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