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Definition 2024


U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B

[U+4E0A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E0C]
See also: and

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

(radical 1 +2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition)

  1. under, underneath, below
  2. down
  3. inferior
  4. bring down

Antonyms

See also

  • (also means “down” in some uses)

References

  • KangXi: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alt. forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*ɡraːʔ
*ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
*ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast ). The shell and bone form evolved into , the character used today.

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 下 (底) 下 (降) 下 (等一子)
Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ~頭 /ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
Xining /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Ürümqi /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
/xa³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Guiyang /xa²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
/ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/
/ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/
/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
Suzhou /ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
/xa³⁵/
/ɕia²²/
/xa²²/
/xa²²/
Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
/ɕia¹¹/
/xa¹¹/
Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
Nanning /ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
Hong Kong /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ha²²/
/ke²²/
/ha²²/ /ha²²/
/e²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (33) (33)
Final () (98) (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () II II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦˠaX/ /ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦᵚaX/ /ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦaɨX/ /ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong
/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Wang
Li
/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xià xià
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xià xià
Middle
Chinese
‹ X › ‹ H ›
Old
Chinese
/*ɡˤraʔ/ /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/
English down descend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 13445 13446
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡraːʔ/ /*ɡraːs/

Definitions

  1. lower part, low position; down
    Antonyms: (shàng)
  2. under
    • /    shùxià   under the tree
    • 這些條件 / 这些条件   zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià   under these conditions
  3. low
  4. inferior, poor
    •    xiàpǐn   inferior products
  5. next
    •    xià   next time
  6. to go down; to get out of
    •    xiàchuán   to disembark from a boat
    • /    xiàlóu   to go downstairs
    •    xiàshān   to go down the mountain
    •    zǒuxià   to walk down
    •    xiàchuáng   to get out of bed
  7. to fall down; to rain or snow
    •    luòxià   to fall down
    •    xiàxuě   to snow
    •    xià   to rain
  8. to give; to issue
    •    xiàlìng   to issue an order
  9. to put in
    • 麵條 / 面条   xià miàntiáo   to put noodles into boiling water
  10. to begin, to start
    • /    xià   to start writing
  11. to finish, to complete
    •    xiàbān   to get off work
    • /    xià   to finish class
  12. to give birth (as an animal)
    • 豬仔 / 猪仔   xià zhūzǐ   to have piglets
  13. to lay (egg)
    •    xiàdàn   to lay eggs
  14. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
  15. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
  16. with, in
  17. Used after a verb to express height.
  18. Used after a verb to express space.
  19. Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
  20. Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
  21. Classifier for the number of actions.

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
した
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana した, romaji shita)

  1. the below

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
しも
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana しも, romaji shimo)

  1. lower portion, end

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
もと
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana もと, romaji moto)

  1. lower portion; base
  2. under the influence of

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

Suffix

(hiragana , romaji -ka)

  1. under a situation

Noun

(hiragana , romaji ge)

  1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean

Hanja

(ha)
Eumhun:

  • Sound (hangeul):  (revised: ha, McCune-Reischauer: ha)
  • Name (hangeul): 아래 (revised: alae, McCune-Reischauer: arae)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References


Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや (shichiya).[1]

Noun

(hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)

  1. under

Derived terms

References

  1. 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46

Vietnamese

Han character

(hạ)

  1. Below
  2. To go below, under, or to fall

下山: to go down a mountain

  1. To sent:

下令: to command, to sent an order

  1. Strip off:

下枪: to strip off one's weapon

  1. To decide:

下藥: to give prescription