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Definition 2024


See also: and

Translingual

Shinjitai
Simplified
Traditional

Han character

(radical 48 +7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿手一 (TQM), four-corner 80211, composition)

References

  • KangXi: page 326, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8732
  • Dae Jaweon: page 629, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 413, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5DEE

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alt. forms

𢀩
𢀠
𢀞

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
*ʔsaːls
*ʔslaːls
*sʰlaːl
*sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
*sʰlaːl
*sʰlaːl
*sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
*sʰlaːl, *slaːl
*zlaːl
*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
*zlaːl
*zlaːl, *sʰral
*zlaːl
*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
*zlaːl, *sʰraːl
*zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
*slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
*slaːlʔ
*ʔsljal
*sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
*sʰraːl
*zraːl, *zraːlʔ
*zlals

Ideogrammic compound (會意) :  (wheat) +  (hand) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”).

or was later added under to form (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.

Pronunciation 1



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Initial () (19) (19) (19)
Final () (13) (31) (33)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () Chongniu III II II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
Li
Rong
/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
Wang
Li
/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
chī chāi chāi
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
chā
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsrhæ ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsʰraj/
English distinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/6 3/6 4/6
No. 18030 18037 18038
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1 2 2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰraːls/ /*sʰreːl/ /*sʰreːl/
Notes

Definitions

  1. to differ from; to be different; dissimilar; incongruous
  2. wrong; incorrect; erroneous
  3. inferior; poor; substandard
  4. difference; discrepancy
  5. mistake; wrongdoing
  6. (mathematics) difference
  7. to be short of; to fall short of
  8. to owe
  9. rather; barely; nearly; almost

Compounds

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character
Reading # 4/5
Initial () (19)
Final () (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡ʃʰˠa/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡ʃʰa/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
Li
Rong
/t͡ʃʰa/
Wang
Li
/t͡ʃʰa/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
chā
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/5 3/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
chāi chāi
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsrhɛ › ‹ tsrhɛj ›
Old
Chinese
/*[tsʰ]raj/ /*[tsʰ](ˤ)raj/
English distinction; to select distinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/6
No. 18029
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰraːl/

Definitions

  1. to dispatch; to assign; to send on an errand
  2. to select; to choose
  3. (historical) runner; courier; envoy; messenger
  4. (historical) corvée
  5. errand; task

Compounds

Pronunciation 3



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Initial () (19) (19) (19)
Final () (13) (31) (33)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division () Chongniu III II II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
Li
Rong
/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
Wang
Li
/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
chī chāi chāi
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 4/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsrhje ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsʰraj/
English 參差 uneven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 6/6
No. 18042
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰral/
Notes

Definitions

  1. uneven; irregular; rough
    /    cēn   uneven
  2. to distinguish; to grade; to classify
  3. grade; rank
  4. limit; boundary

Compounds

Pronunciation 4



Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cuō
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsha ›
Old
Chinese
/*[tsʰ]ˤaj/
English rub, polish, file (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

  1. Original form of (cuō, “to rub with one's hands; to scrub; to twist”).

Compounds

Pronunciation 5



Rime
Character
Reading # 5/5
Initial () (19)
Final () (31)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡ʃʰˠɛH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæH/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡ʃʰæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨjH/
Li
Rong
/t͡ʃʰɛH/
Wang
Li
/t͡ʃʰaiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʈ͡ʂʰaiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
chài
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 5/6
No. 18039
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰreːls/
Notes

Definitions

  1. Original form of (“to recover from an illness”).

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
on'yomi

Noun

(hiragana , romaji sa)

  1. difference (in mathematics, etc.)

Synonyms

See also


Korean

Hanja

(chi, cha, chae) (hangeul , , , revised chi, cha, chae, McCune-Reischauer ch'i, ch'a, ch'ae, Yale chi, cha, chay)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

(sai, sái, si, sươi, sau, sây, soa)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.